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Gems Artificial
The raw materials
for the production of artificial gems are the finest silica and, as a rule,
finely ground rock crystals;
white sand and quarts, which remain pure white
even at a higher temperature, may also be used.
Artificial borax is
given the preference, since the native variety frequently contains
substances which color the glass.
Lead carbonate or red lead must be
perfectly pure and not contain any protoxide, since the latter gives the
glass a dull,
greenish hue. White lead and red lead have to dissolve
completely in dilute nitric acid or without leaving a residue; the
solution,
neutralized as much as possible, must not be reddened by prussiate of
potash. In the former case tin is present,
in the latter copper. Arsenious
acid and saltpeter must be perfectly pure; they serve for the destruction of
the organic
substances. The materials, without the coloring oxide, furnish
the starting quantity for the production of artificial gems; such
glass
pastes are named “strass.”
The emerald, a
precious stone of green color, is imitated by melting 1,000 parts of strass
and 8 parts of chromic oxide.
Artificial emeralds are also obtained with
cupric acid and ferric oxides. Consisting of 43.84 parts of rock crystal
21.92
parts of dry sodium carbonate; 7.2 parts of calcined and powdered
borax; 7.2 parts of red lead; 3.65 parts of saltpeter;
1.21 parts of red
ferric oxide, and 0.6 parts of green copper carbonate.
Agates are imitated
by allowing fragments of variously colored pastes to flow together, and
stirring during the deliquation.
The amethyst is
imitated by mixing 300 parts of a glass frit with 0.6 parts of gray
manganese ore, or from 300 parts of
frit containing 0.8 per cent of
manganese oxide, 36.5 parts of saltpeter, 15 parts of borax, and 15 parts of minium (red lead).
A handsome amethyst is obtained by melting together 1,000
parts of strass, 8 parts of manganese oxide, 5 pars of cobalt
oxide, and 2
parts of gold purple.
Glycerine Lotion: -
Glycerine…………...…… 4 ounces
Essence bouquet………. ½ ounce
Water………………….... 4 ounces
Cochineal coloring a sufficient quantity.
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